Vågrörelselära och optik (FYN040A)

Naturvetarprogrammet, T4 2001

INSTUDERINGSSCHEMA

Kursbok: E Hecht, OPTICS, 3dje upplagan

Nivå 1: Grundmaterial. Nödvändigt för en förståelse av grunderna i optikkursen.

Nivå 2: Resterande material i kursen.

Nivå 3: Underlättar förståelsen av fysik i en vidare bemärkelse än optik. Delar av materialet kan förekomma i en uppgift på tentamen.

Nivå 4: Speciella områden. Bra som uppslagsbok.

Nivå Kapitel Sida

A Brief History 1

2 1.2 In the Beginning 1

2 1.3 From the Seventeenth Century 2

2 1.4 The Nineteenth Century 4

2 1.5 Twentieth-Century Optics 7

2 Wave Motion 11

1 2.1 One-Dimensional Waves 11

1 2.2 Harmonic Waves 15

1 2.3 Phase and Phase Velocity 18

1 2.4 The Superposition Principle 21

1 2.5 The Complex Representation 23

1 2.6 Phasors and the Addition of Waves 24

1 2.7 Plane Waves 26

1 2.8 The Three-Dimensional Differential Wave-Equation 29

1 2.9 Spherical Waves 30

2 2.10 Cylindrical Waves 33

3 Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light 37

2 3.1 Basic Laws of Electromagnetic Theory 38

1 3.2 Electromagnetic Waves 43

1 3.3 Energy and Momentum 46

1 3.4 Radiation 57

1 3.4.1 Linearly Accelerating Charges 57

2 3.4.2 Synchrotron Radiation 59

2 3.4.3 Electrical Dipole Radiation 62

2 3.4.4 The Emission of Light from Atoms 63

1 3.5 Light in Matter 66

2 3.6 The Electromagnetic-Photon Spectrum 73

3 3.7 Quantum Field Theory 80

4 The Propagation of Light 85

1 4.1 Introduction 85

2 4.2 Rayleigh Scattering 85

1 4.3 Reflection 95

1 4.4 Refraction 100

1 4.5 Fermats Principle 105

1 4.6 The Electromagnetic Approach 109

1 4.7 Total Internal Reflection 121

2 4.8 Optical Properties of Metals 127

3 4.9 Familiar Aspects of the Interaction of Light and Matter 131

2 4.10 The Stokes Treatment of Reflection and Refraction 135

2 4.11 Photons, Waves and Probability 137

5 Geometrical Optics - Paraxial Theory 148

1 5.1 Introductory remarks 148

1 5.2 Lenses 149

3 5.3 Stops 173

2 5.4 Mirrors 177

2 5.5 Prisms 189

3 5.6 Fiberoptics 195

4 5.7 Optical systems 203

4 6 More on Geometrical Optics 247

7 The Superposition of Waves 285

1 7.1 The Addition of Waves of the Same Frequency 286

1 7.2 The Addition of Waves of Different Frequency 295

8 Polarization 319

1 8.1 The Nature of Polarized Light 319

1 8.1.1 Linear Polarization 319

1 8.1.2 Circular Polarization 320

1 8.1.3 Elliptical Polarization 322

1 8.1.4 Natural Light 324

2 8.1.5 Angular Momentum and the Photon Picture 324

1 8.2 Polarizers 326

2 8.3 Dichroism 327

1 8.4 Birefringence 330

1 8.5 Scattering and Polarization 340

1 8.6 Polarization by Reflection 342

1 8.7 Retarders 346

1 8.8 Circular Polarizers 352

2 8.9 Polarization of Polychromatic Light 353

1 8.10 Optical Activity 355

3 8.10.1 A useful model 358

3 8.10.2 Optically active biological substances 360

3 8.11 Induced Optical Effects - Optical Modulators 360

2 8.12 A Mathematical Description of Polarization 366

4 8.12.1 The Stokes Parameters 366

1 8.12.2 The Jones Vectors 368

1 8.12.3 The Jones and Müller Matrices 369

9 Interference 377

1 9.1 General Considerations 378

1 9.2 Conditions for Interference 381

1 9.3 Wavefront-Splitting Interferometers 384

1 9.4 Amplitude-Splitting Interferometers 392

2 9.5 Types and Localization of Interference Fringes 407

1 9.6 Multiple-Beam Interferences 409

2 9.7 Applications of Single and Multilayer Films 418

2 9.7.1 Mathematical Treatment 419

1 9.7.2 Antireflection Coatings 420

2 9.7.3 Multilayer Periodic Systems 422

3 9.8 Applications of Interferometry 423

10 Diffraction 433

1 10.1 Preliminary Considerations 433

2 10.1.1 Opaque Obstructions 436

1 10.1.2 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction 437

1 10.1.3 Several Coherent Oscillators 439

1 10.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction 442

1 10.2.1 The Single Slit 442

1 10.2.2 The Double Slit 447

1 10.2.3 Diffraction by Many Slits 451

2 10.2.4 The Rectangular Aperture 453

1 10.2.5 The Circular Aperture 459

1 10.2.6 Resolution of Imaging Systems 461

1 10.2.7 The Diffraction Grating 465

1 10.3 Fresnel Diffraction 476

1 10.3.1 The Free Propagation of a Spherical Wave 476

2 10.3.2 The Vibration Curve 480

1 10.3.3 Circular Apertures 481

1 10.3.4 Circular Obstacles 485

1 10.3.5 The Fresnel Zone Plate 487

2 10.3.6 Fresnel Integrals and the Rectangular Aperture 489

2 10.3.7 The Cornu Spiral 491

2 10.3.8 Fresnel Diffraction by a Slit 495

2 10.3.9 The Semi-Infinite Opaque Screen 497

2 10.3.10 Diffraction by a Narrow Obstacle 499

2 10.3.11 Babinet's Principle 500

2 10.4 Kirchhoff's Scalar Diffraction Theory 501

3 10.5 Boundary Diffraction Waves 505

4 11 Fourier Optics 512

12 Basics of Coherence Theory 554

1 12.1 Introduction 554

1 12.2 Visibility 556

2 12.3 The Mutual Coherence Function and the Degree of Coherence 563

1 12.3.1 Temporal and Spatial Coherence 565

1 12.4 Coherence and Stellar Interferometry 567

1 12.4.1 The Michelson Stellar Interferometer 567

2 12.4.2 Correlation Interferometry 569

13 Modern Optics: Lasers and Other Topics 575

3 13.1 Lasers and Laser Light 575

2 13.2 Imagery - The Spatial Distribution of Optical Information 599

2 13.3 Holography 617

3 13.4 Nonlinear Optics 634

Nivå	Kapitel	Sida
	A Brief History	1
2	1.2 In the Beginning	1
2	1.3 From the Seventeenth Century	2
2	1.4 The Nineteenth Century	4
2	1.5 Twentieth-Century Optics	7
	2 Wave Motion	11
1	2.1 One-Dimensional Waves	11
1	2.2 Harmonic Waves	15
1	2.3 Phase and Phase Velocity	18
1	2.4 The Superposition Principle	21
1	2.5 The Complex Representation	23
1	2.6 Phasors and the Addition of Waves	24
1	2.7 Plane Waves	26
1	2.8 The Three-Dimensional Differential Wave-Equation	29
1	2.9 Spherical Waves	30
2	2.10 Cylindrical Waves	33
	3 Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light	37
2	3.1 Basic Laws of Electromagnetic Theory	38
1	3.2 Electromagnetic Waves	43
1	3.3 Energy and Momentum	46
1	3.4 Radiation	57
1	3.4.1 Linearly Accelerating Charges	57
2	3.4.2 Synchrotron Radiation	59
2	3.4.3 Electrical Dipole Radiation	62
2	3.4.4 The Emission of Light from Atoms	63
1	3.5 Light in Matter	66
2	3.6 The Electromagnetic-Photon Spectrum	73
3	3.7 Quantum Field Theory	80
	4 The Propagation of Light	85
1	4.1 Introduction	85
2	4.2 Rayleigh Scattering	85
1	4.3 Reflection	95
1	4.4 Refraction	100
1	4.5 Fermats Principle	105
1	4.6 The Electromagnetic Approach	109
1	4.7 Total Internal Reflection	121
2	4.8 Optical Properties of Metals	127
3	4.9 Familiar Aspects of the Interaction of Light and Matter	131
2	4.10 The Stokes Treatment of Reflection and Refraction	135
2	4.11 Photons, Waves and Probability	137
	5 Geometrical Optics - Paraxial Theory	148
1	5.1 Introductory remarks	148
1	5.2 Lenses	149
3	5.3 Stops	173
2	5.4 Mirrors	177
2	5.5 Prisms	189
3	5.6 Fiberoptics	195
4	5.7 Optical systems	203
4	6 More on Geometrical Optics	247
	7 The Superposition of Waves	285
1	7.1 The Addition of Waves of the Same Frequency	286
1	7.2 The Addition of Waves of Different Frequency	295
	8 Polarization	319
1	8.1 The Nature of Polarized Light	319
1	8.1.1 Linear Polarization	319
1	8.1.2 Circular Polarization	320
1	8.1.3 Elliptical Polarization	322
1	8.1.4 Natural Light	324
2	8.1.5 Angular Momentum and the Photon Picture	324
1	8.2 Polarizers	326
2	8.3 Dichroism	327
1	8.4 Birefringence	330
1	8.5 Scattering and Polarization	340
1	8.6 Polarization by Reflection	342
1	8.7 Retarders	346
1	8.8 Circular Polarizers	352
2	8.9 Polarization of Polychromatic Light	353
1	8.10 Optical Activity	355
3	8.10.1 A useful model	358
3	8.10.2 Optically active biological substances	360
3	8.11 Induced Optical Effects - Optical Modulators	360
2	8.12 A Mathematical Description of Polarization	366
4	8.12.1 The Stokes Parameters	366
1	8.12.2 The Jones Vectors	368
1	8.12.3 The Jones and Müller Matrices	369
	9 Interference	377
1	9.1 General Considerations	378
1	9.2 Conditions for Interference	381
1	9.3 Wavefront-Splitting Interferometers	384
1	9.4 Amplitude-Splitting Interferometers	392
2	9.5 Types and Localization of Interference Fringes	407
1	9.6 Multiple-Beam Interferences	409
2	9.7 Applications of Single and Multilayer Films	418
2	9.7.1 Mathematical Treatment	419
1	9.7.2 Antireflection Coatings	420
2	9.7.3 Multilayer Periodic Systems	422
3	9.8 Applications of Interferometry	423
	10 Diffraction	433
1	10.1 Preliminary Considerations	433
2	10.1.1 Opaque Obstructions	436
1	10.1.2 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction	437
1	10.1.3 Several Coherent Oscillators	439
1	10.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction	442
1	10.2.1 The Single Slit	442
1	10.2.2 The Double Slit	447
1	10.2.3 Diffraction by Many Slits	451
2	10.2.4 The Rectangular Aperture	453
1	10.2.5 The Circular Aperture	459
1	10.2.6 Resolution of Imaging Systems	461
1	10.2.7 The Diffraction Grating	465
1	10.3 Fresnel Diffraction	476
1	10.3.1 The Free Propagation of a Spherical Wave	476
2	10.3.2 The Vibration Curve	480
1	10.3.3 Circular Apertures	481
1	10.3.4 Circular Obstacles	485
1	10.3.5 The Fresnel Zone Plate	487
2	10.3.6 Fresnel Integrals and the Rectangular Aperture	489
2	10.3.7 The Cornu Spiral	491
2	10.3.8 Fresnel Diffraction by a Slit	495
2	10.3.9 The Semi-Infinite Opaque Screen	497
2	10.3.10 Diffraction by a Narrow Obstacle	499
2	10.3.11 Babinet's Principle	500
2	10.4 Kirchhoff's Scalar Diffraction Theory	501
3	10.5 Boundary Diffraction Waves	505
4	11 Fourier Optics	512
	12 Basics of Coherence Theory	554
1	12.1 Introduction	554
1	12.2 Visibility	556
2	12.3 The Mutual Coherence Function and the Degree of Coherence	563
1	12.3.1 Temporal and Spatial Coherence	565
1	12.4 Coherence and Stellar Interferometry	567
1	12.4.1 The Michelson Stellar Interferometer	567
2	12.4.2 Correlation Interferometry	569
	13 Modern Optics: Lasers and Other Topics	575
3	13.1 Lasers and Laser Light	575
2	13.2 Imagery - The Spatial Distribution of Optical Information	599
2	13.3 Holography	617
3	13.4 Nonlinear Optics	634

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Reviderad 13 januari 2001 av Elsebeth Schröder, schroder (at) fy.chalmers.se