Applied Quantum Physics

Week 1, Lecture 1. January 18, 2000

I. General introduction to the course.

II. Historical review of quantum mechanical tunneling
Basic concept of tunneling, time-independent Schrödinger equation
NIN tunnel junctions: current-voltage characteristics
Voltage suppression of the barrier, determination of the barrier parameters
Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM)

Literature:
E. Burstein and S. Lundquist. Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, Plenum Press 1969, Chapters 1-3, 10
L. Solymar. Superconductive tunneling and Applications, Chapman and Hall 1972.
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
H.-J. Güntherodt, and R. Wiesendanger (Ed.). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I. Berlin: Springer-Verlag (1992).

W1. Lecture 2. January 20, 2000

Superconductivity.
SIN tunnel junction.
SIN tunnel junction as a temperature sensor
Tunnel junction technology
SIN junction for electronic microrefigeration.
Thermal and electrical conductivity through NS interface (Andreev reflection)

Literature:
E. Burstein and S. Lundquist. Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, Plenum Press 1969, Chapters 1-3, 10
L. Solymar. Superconductive tunneling and Applications, Chapman and Hall 1972, p 19-25.
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
M.Nahum, P.Richards and C.Mears. IEEE Trans.on Appl. Superconductivity, 3, 2124 (1993)
M.Nahum, J.M.Martinis, Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 63, N 22, pp. 3075-3077 (1993)
M.Nahum, J.M.Martinis, Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 65, N 23, 3123 (1994).
M.Leivo, J.Pecola and D.Averin. Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 68, 1996 (1996).

W2. Lecture 3. January 25, 2000

Characteristic time scales of electron and phonon interaction at low temperatures. Hot-electron effect.
Normal metal hot electron microbolometer using SIN tunnel junctions.
Quantum photon absorption or classical absorption?
Superconducting hot electron bolometer.
Possible modifications of high frequency microbolometers.
X-ray spectroscopy based on microcalorimeters.

F. Wellstood, C. Urbina and J. Clarke. Physical Rewiew, v. 49, 5942 (1994)
M.Nahum, P.Richards and C.Mears. IEEE Trans.on Appl. Supercond., 3, 2124 (1993)
M.Nahum, J.M.Martinis, Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 63, N 22, pp. 3075-3077 (1993)
N. Achcroft and N. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976).
M.Nahum, J.M.Martinis, Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 65, N 23, 3123 (1994).
M.Leivo, J.Pecola and D.Averin. Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 68, 1996 (1996).
A.Lee, P. Richards, et al., APL, 69, 1801 (1996).
M.Nahum, J.M.Martinis, Appl. Phys. Lett., v. 66, N 23, 3203 (1995).

Week 3. Lecture 4. Josephson effect. Part 1.
February 1, 2000
Josephson effect in SIS tunnel junctions, dc and ac.
Supercurrent and nonlinear inductance.
Josephson oscillations
Josephson junctions and models

L. Solymar. Superconductive tunneling and Applications, Chapman and Hall 1972, p 19-25.
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
R.P. Feynman, Lectures on Physics. Vol. III.
Antonio Barone and Gianfranco Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect (1982)

Antonio Barone, Josephson Effect - Achievements and Trends (1986)

Week 3, Lecture 5. Josephson effect. Part 2. February 3, 2000

Basic concepts of parametric amplification. Manley -Rowe relations.
Josephson parametric regeneration with self-pumping, violation of Manley -Rowe relations
Parametric amplification at supercurrent with external pumping
Noise squeezing by a Josephson-parametric amplifiers
Mixers, detectors, voltage standard.

K. Likharev. Dynamics of Josephson junctions and circuits, Gordon and Breach 1986.
B. Yurke et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 764 (1988)
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
Antonio Barone and Gianfranco Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect (1982)

Antonio Barone, Josephson Effect - Achievements and Trends (1986)

W4. Lecture 6. SQUIDs February 8, 2000

Magnetic flux quantization.
Single-junction interferometer. Macroscopic quantum interference
The r.f. SQUIDs
Two-junction interferometer. Modulation of critical current.
The direct current SQUIDs.
Applications, flux transformer, gradiometers.

K. Likharev. Dynamics of Josephson junctions and circuits, Gordon and Breach 1986.
J. Clarke. SQUIDs. Scientific American. August 1994, p. 46.
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
Antonio Barone and Gianfranco Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect (1982)

Antonio Barone, Josephson Effect - Achievements and Trends (1986)

W5. Lecture 7. Coulomb blockade and correlated single-electron tunneling February 15, 2000

Tunneling in small junctions, charging energy. Conditions to observe SET effects and influence of electrodynamic environment
Coulomb blockade of tunneling.
Correlated tunneling of single electrons in time - SET oscillations.
Time of tinnelling and relativistic horizon
1-D array of small tunnel junctions
Single junction with resistors. Box experiment
Metrological triangle

W5. Lecture 8. Correlated tunneling of the Cooper pairs February 19

Current-biased small Josephson junction
Energy bands. Nonlinear capacitance.
Correlated tunneling of Cooper pairs in time - Bloch oscillations.
Experimental observation of the Bloch oscillations.
Linewidth of the Bloch oscillations. Metrological triangle
Box experiments
Macroscopic quantum coherence. Disussion about reality of this phenomenon.

K. Likharev, T. Claeson. Single Electronics. Scientific American, June 1992, p. 80.
D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, eds. B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991), p. 167.
K. Likharev. Dynamics of Josephson junctions and circuits, Gordon and Breach 1986.
A. Leggett. Macroscopic quantum tunnelling and related matters. Japanese J. of Applied Phys., 26, 1986 (1987)
L. Kuzmin and D. Haviland. Observation of the Bloch Oscillations in an Ultrasmall Josephson Junction. PRL, v. 67, p 2890 (1991)

W6. Lecture 9. Correlated tunneling in space - Single electron transistor February 22, 2000

Space correlation of single-electron tunneling. Sub-electron sensitivity
Coulomb staircase, period of oscillations
Single-electron transistor
Even-odd asymmetry in superconducting island -Parity effect
Superconducting single electron transistor.
Phase locking of Bloch and Josephson oscillations - resistance quantization
Applications, problems

K. Likharev, T. Claeson. Single Electronics. Scientific American, June 1992, p. 80.
D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, eds. B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991), p. 167.
M. Tinkham. Superconductivity, McGraw-Hill 1996, p 71-75
D. Averin and Yu. Nazarov. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1993 (1992).
M. Tuominen, M Tinkham et al., Phys. Rev B, 47, 11599 (1993)